Method of forming a germanium oxynitride film

ABSTRACT

A method for forming layers suitable for a V-NAND stack is disclosed. Specifically, the method may include multiple cycles for forming an oxide and a nitride in order to form an oxynitride layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to and the benefit of, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/144,506, filed on May 2, 2016 and entitled “METHOD OF FORMING A GERMANIUM OXYNITRIDE FILM,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. This application is related to U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/729,510, filed on Jun. 3, 2015 and entitled “METHODS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR PASSIVATION BY NITRIDATION,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present disclosure generally relates to processes for manufacturing electronic devices. More particularly, the disclosure relates to forming films through atomic layer deposition (ALD). Specifically, the disclosure discloses methods to form a charge trapping layer, such as a layer comprising germanium oxynitride, for example.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

V-NAND has been identified for use in flash memory applications. Different materials have been identified for use in the V-NAND space, such as poly silicon (as a channel layer), silicon oxide (as a tunneling oxide and blocking oxide), silicon nitride (as a charge trapping layer), and aluminum oxide (as a blocking oxide). For a material to be effective for V-NAND charge trapping layer (CTL), it should have a proper conduction band offset (CBO), as well as the ability to generate traps with deep energy level and reduce thermal emission. The CTL material should also comply with integration flow by having the following characteristics: compatibility with the blocking oxide (BO); high temperature stability; and high step coverage for an aspect ratio greater than 1:50.

As a result, a method for forming a V-NAND device with reliable operating capabilities is desired.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, a method for forming a V-NAND device is disclosed. The method includes: providing a substrate for processing in a reaction chamber; performing an atomic layer deposition cycle of a nitride onto the substrate; performing an atomic layer deposition cycle of an oxide onto the substrate; wherein the atomic layer deposition cycle of the nitride and the atomic layer deposition cycle of the oxide are repeated as desired in order to form an oxynitride film of a desired thickness and stoichiometry.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, a method for forming a V-NAND device is disclosed. The method includes: providing a substrate comprising SiO₂ for processing in a reaction chamber; performing an atomic layer deposition cycle of an oxide onto the substrate comprising SiO₂; performing an atomic layer deposition cycle of a nitride onto the SiO₂ substrate; wherein the atomic layer deposition cycle of the nitride and the atomic layer deposition cycle of the oxide are repeated as desired in order to form an oxynitride film of a desired thickness and stoichiometry.

For purposes of summarizing the invention and the advantages achieved over the prior art, certain objects and advantages of the invention have been described herein above. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught or suggested herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

All of these embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the invention herein disclosed. These and other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of certain embodiments having reference to the attached figures, the invention not being limited to any particular embodiment(s) disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention disclosed herein are described below with reference to the drawings of certain embodiments, which are intended to illustrate and not to limit the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a band diagram of a POR V-NAND cellin accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a band diagram of a POR V-NAND cell in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a process in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention.

It will be appreciated that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Although certain embodiments and examples are disclosed below, it will be understood by those in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described below. The described germanium oxynitride films may be used in other applications besides memory applications, such as V-NAND applications, for example. In some embodiments, the germanium oxynitride films may be used in processing of integrated circuits, such as sacrificial films for patterning and/or lithography applications. In addition, germanium oxynitride may be a good interface layer for high mobility SiGe/Ge channels.

V-NAND applications for memory have employed a power-off recovery (POR) cell stack. The POR cell stack has utilized a poly silicon channel, a silicon oxide (SiO₂) tunnel layer, a silicon nitride (SiN) charge trapping layer, a silicon oxide (SiO₂) blocking layer, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) high k liner, and a titanium nitride (TiN) metal gate. During programming of a memory device, electrons may be tunneled through the tunnel layer from the channel and captured in the charge trapping layer (CTL). During erasing of the memory device, the trapped charge may tunnel back to the channel; as a result, a blocking layer may ensure that electrons will not move into the gate (during programming) or enter from the gate into the CTL (during erasing).

A critical property of the CTL is to have a large conduction band offset (CBO) between the CTL and the surrounding oxide layers, also known as the tunnel layer (TL) and the blocking layer (BL). The large CBO may provide for good retention for a memory device. Also, the CTL may be used to generate traps, as deep traps (where the E_(t)>2 eV) may be able to reduce thermal emission and improve retention reliability. In addition, even deeper traps may allow for more charging to take place.

The CTL made of silicon nitride (SiN) has shown issues with thickness with the general approach of scaling downwards in size. In addition, SiN has a relatively lower electron affinity (E_(ea)), as shown in FIG. 1. The lower E_(ea) has the effect of reduced CBO and thus, worse retention. Other oxides, such as tantalum oxide (TaO_(x)) and titanium oxide (TiO_(x)), have exhibited a large E_(ea), which can provide a large CBO and a deep trap. However, these oxides may become crystallized when grown or after exposure to a high thermal budget. The crystallized oxide may be problematic as grain boundaries created can enhance migration of trapped charges.

FIG. 1 illustrates a band diagram 100 of a POR V-NAND cell. The band diagram is for a cell that includes a silicon layer 110, a silicon oxide TL 120, a silicon nitride CTL 130, a silicon oxide BL 140, an aluminum oxide high-k liner 150, and a titanium nitride metal gate 160. The band diagram also includes a trapping energy (E_(t)) 170 and an electron affinity (E_(ea)) 180. The E_(ea) of silicon nitride 180 is approximately 2.1 eV.

FIG. 2 illustrates a band diagram 200 of a POR V-NAND cell in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention. The band diagram is for a cell that includes a silicon layer 210, a silicon oxide TL 220, a germanium oxynitride CTL 230, a silicon oxide BL 240, an aluminum oxide high-k liner 250, and a titanium nitride metal gate 260. The band diagram also includes a trapping energy (E_(t)) 270 and an electron affinity (E_(ea)) 280. The E-_(ea) of germanium oxynitride 280 is approximately 3.4 eV.

The larger E_(ea) of germanium oxynitride in comparison to silicon nitride makes it an excellent candidate for a CTL in a scaled V-NAND device. In addition, germanium oxynitride has good amorphous features after being processed in a high thermal budget. Furthermore, the germanium oxynitride may have the potential for low intermixing with the TL and BL after exposure to a high thermal budget. The N doping level will tune the trap density (exceeding 5×10¹²/cm² eV, 7.5×10¹²/cm² eV, 1×10¹¹/cm² eV) and trap energy level (ranging between 1.6 and 3 eV).

FIG. 3 illustrates a process 300 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention. The process 300 may be used to deposit an oxynitride film, such as germanium oxynitride, through thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto a wafer in a reaction chamber. Embodiments of this invention may be used to form oxynitride films with desired properties (such as trap density) in a conformal manner, such that they may be used in three-dimensional applications as the deposition may take place in a thermal manner. This may avoid issues found when performing a plasma deposition on three-dimensional structures.

The ALD process may ensure thermal stability as it may enable proper stacking alignment of layers. The process 300 may include an oxide cycle 310 and a nitride cycle 320. The oxide cycle 310 and the nitride cycle 320 both may be repeated through cycles 330, 340, and 350 as desired in order to develop the desired thickness and stoichiometry of the oxynitride film. The oxide cycle 310 and the nitride cycle 320 may be repeated in different ratios. For example, the ratio of the oxide cycle 310 to the nitride cycle 320 may vary from about 1:10 to about 100:1.

To form the germanium oxynitride film disclosed above, the oxide cycle 310 may include a germanium precursor and an oxygen precursor. The germanium precursor may include at least one of tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmetlyamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above, for example. The oxygen precursor may include water (H₂O), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃), oxygen plasma, oxygen atoms, or oxygen radicals, for example.

In at least one embodiment of the invention, more than one of the mentioned germanium precursors or more than one of the mentioned oxygen precursors may be used in the deposition of the oxynitride film. The reaction temperature of the germanium oxide cycle 310 may range between 100° C. and 500° C., and more preferably between 100° C. and 300° C. The reaction time of the germanium oxide cycle 310 may range between 0.1 s and 100 s, and preferably between 1 s and 60 s. The pressure, for this and other deposition steps described herein, in a reaction chamber is typically from about 0.01 to about 20 mbar, more preferably from about 1 to about 10 mbar. However, in some cases the pressure will be higher or lower than this range, as can be determined by the skilled artisan given the particular circumstances.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, to form a germanium oxynitride film, the oxide cycle 310 may comprise a first pulse of TDMAGe ranging between 0.1 and 10 seconds, preferably between 1 and 5 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 also may comprise a purge of excess TDMAGe ranging between 0.1 and 10 seconds, preferably between 1 and 5 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 may then also comprise a second pulse of water for 3 seconds, and a purge of excess water for 6 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 may take place in a Pulsar® ALD reactor or an A412 batch reactor available from ASM International N.V. of Almere, Netherlands.

To form the germanium oxynitride film disclosed above, the nitride cycle 320 may include a germanium precursor and a nitrogen precursor. The precursor may include at least one of tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmetlyamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeC1 ₄), or variants of above. The nitrogen precursor may include hydrazine (N₂H₄), dimethyl hydrazine, tertbutyl hydrazine, ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen plasma, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen radicals, and other variants, for example.

In at least one embodiment of the invention, more than one of the mentioned germanium precursors or more than one of the mentioned nitrogen precursors may be used in the deposition of the oxynitride film. The reaction temperature of the germanium nitride cycle 320 may range between 100° C. and 500° C., and more preferably between 100° C. and 300° C. The reaction time of the germanium nitride cycle 320 may range between 0.1 s and 100 s, and preferably between 1 s and 60 s.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, to form a germanium oxynitride film, the nitride cycle 320 may comprise a first pulse of TDMAGe lasting 3 seconds, followed by a purge of excess TDMAGe for 4 seconds. The nitride cycle 320 may then also comprise a second pulse of hydrazine for 3 seconds, and a purge of excess water for 6 seconds. The nitride cycle 320 may take place in a Pulsar® ALD reactor or an A412 batch reactor available from ASM International N.V. of Almere, Netherlands. The formed germanium oxynitride film may then be used for VNAND applications or as a sacrificial layer for patterning.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process 400 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention. The process 400 may be used to deposit an oxynitride film through thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto a wafer in a reaction chamber. The ALD process may ensure thermal stability as it may enable proper stacking alignment of layers. The process 400 may include a nitride cycle 320 and an oxide cycle 310. The nitride cycle 320 and the oxide cycle 310 both may be repeated through cycles 330, 340, and 350 as desired in order to develop the desired thickness and stoichiometry of the germanium oxynitride film. The oxide cycle to nitride cycle ratio may range between from 5:1 to 1:15, or preferably from 1:1 to 1:5. The nitride cycle 320 and the oxide cycle 310 may be repeated in different ratios. For example, the ratio of the nitride cycle 320 to the oxide cycle 310 may vary from about 1:10 to about 100:1.

To form the germanium oxynitride film disclosed above, the nitride cycle 320 may include a germanium precursor and a nitrogen precursor. The germanium precursor may include at least one of tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmetlyamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above. The nitrogen precursor may include hydrazine (N₂H₄), dimethyl hydrazine, tertbutyl hydrazine, ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen plasma, nitrogen radicals, and other variants, for example.

In at least one embodiment of the invention, more than one of the mentioned germanium precursors or more than one of the mentioned nitrogen precursors may be used in the deposition of the oxynitride film. The reaction temperature of the nitride cycle 320 may range between 100° C. and 500° C., and more preferably between 100° C. and 300° C. The reaction time of the nitride cycle 320 may range between 0.1 s and 100 s, and preferably between 1 s and 60 s.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, to form a germanium oxynitride film, the nitride cycle 320 may comprise a first pulse of TDMAGe lasting 3 seconds, followed by a purge of excess TDMAGe for 4 seconds. The nitride cycle 320 may then also comprise a second pulse of hydrazine for 3 seconds, and a purge of excess water for 6 seconds. The nitride cycle 320 may take place in a Pulsar® ALD reactor available from ASM International N.V. of Almere, Netherlands.

To form the germanium oxynitride film disclosed above, the oxide cycle 310 may include a germanium precursor and an oxygen precursor. The germanium precursor may include at least one of: tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe); tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe); tetrakis(ethylmetlyamino)germanium (TEMAGe); germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄); germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄); tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane; germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄); GeOR₄, where R is an alkyl or a substituted alkyl; GeR_(x)A_(4-x), where x is an integer from 1 to 4, R is an organic ligand selected from a group comprising alkoxides, alkylsilyls, alkyl, substituted alkyl, or alkyamines, and A can be selected from a group comprising alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkoxides, alkylsilyls, alkyl, alkylamines, halides or hydrogen; or variants of above, for example. The oxygen precursor may include water (H₂O), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃), oxygen plasma, or oxygen radicals, for example.

In at least one embodiment of the invention, more than one of the mentioned germanium precursors or more than one of the mentioned oxygen precursors may be used in the deposition of the oxynitride film. The reaction temperature of the oxide cycle 310 may range between 100° C. and 500° C., between 100° C. and 300° C., and between 200° C. and 250° C. The reaction time of the oxide cycle 310 may range between 0.1 s and 100 s, and preferably between 1 s and 60 s.

In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, to form a germanium oxynitride film, the oxide cycle 310 may comprise a first pulse of TDMAGe lasting between 0.1 and 10 seconds, preferably between 1 and 5 seconds, followed by a purge of excess TDMAGe lasting between 0.1 and 20 seconds, preferably between 1 and 5 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 may then also comprise a second pulse of water ranging between 0.1 to 30 seconds, preferably between 1 and 5 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 may also comprise a purge of excess water ranging between 0.1 to 30 seconds, preferably between 5 and 10 seconds. The oxide cycle 310 may take place in a Pulsar® ALD reactor available from ASM International N.V. of Almere, Netherlands.

The oxynitride film formed in accordance with embodiments of the invention may have different properties. A nitrogen concentration of the oxynitride film may be more than about 2 at-%, more than about 5 at-%, more than about 10 at-%, or more than about 20 at-%. An oxygen concentration of the oxynitride film may be more than about 20 at-%, more than about 30 at-%, more than about 40 at-%, or more than about 50 at-%. A germanium concentration of the oxynitride film may range between about 20 to about 50 at-%, or from about 30 to about 40 at-%. A nitrogen to oxygen-nitrogen ratio (N/(O+N)) may range from about 5 to about 60 at-%, from about 10 to about 50 at-%, or from about 20 to about 40 at-%.

In some embodiments of the invention, the oxynitride film may not comprise substantial amounts of silicon and/or metals. In some embodiments of the invention, the germanium oxynitride film may comprise less than about 5-at % of any impurity other than hydrogen, preferably less than about 3-at % of any impurity other than hydrogen, and more preferably less than about 1-at % of any impurity other than hydrogen. In some embodiments of the invention, the germanium oxynitride film may comprise a hydrogen concentration less than about 20 at-%, less than about 15 at-%, or less than about 10%. In some embodiments of the invention, the oxynitride film may not be a nanolaminate film, where distinct and/or separate layers of oxide and nitride can be observed. In some embodiments, the oxynitride film may be of a substantially homogenous mixture. In at least one embodiment of the invention, a post thermal annealing step may be used.

The particular implementations shown and described are illustrative of the invention and its best mode and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the aspects and implementations in any way. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional manufacturing, connection, preparation, and other functional aspects of the system may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. Many alternative or additional functional relationship or physical connections may be present in the practical system, and/or may be absent in some embodiments.

It is to be understood that the configurations and/or approaches described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The specific routines or methods described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies. Thus, the various acts illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in other sequences, or omitted in some cases.

The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various processes, systems, and configurations, and other features, functions, acts, and/or properties disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is: 1-17. (canceled)
 18. A method of forming a germanium oxynitride film comprising: providing a substrate for processing in a reaction chamber; using a germanium precursor and an oxygen precursor, performing an oxide cycle for deposing an oxide comprising germanium onto the substrate; and before or after the performing the oxide cycle, using a germanium precursor and a nitrogen precursor, performing a nitride cycle for deposing a nitride comprising germanium onto the substrate; wherein the performing the oxide cycle and the performing the nitride cycle are repeated as desired in order to form the germanium oxynitride film of a desired thickness and stoichiometry, and wherein the oxygen precursor and the nitrogen precursor are different.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the oxide cycle takes place at a temperature ranging between 100° C. and 500° C. or between 100° C. and 300° C.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the oxide cycle has a duration ranging between 0.1 s and 100 s or between 1 s and 60 s.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the oxide cycle comprises: pulsing the germanium precursor; purging an excess of the germanium precursor; pulsing the oxygen precursor; and purging an excess of the oxygen precursor.
 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the germanium precursor comprises at least one of: tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above.
 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the oxygen precursor comprises at least one of: water (H₂O), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃), oxygen plasma, or oxygen radicals.
 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the nitride cycle takes place at a temperature ranging between 100° C. and 500° C. or between 100° C. and 300° C.
 25. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the nitride cycle has a duration ranging between 0.1 s and 100 s or between 1 s and 60 s.
 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the nitride cycle comprises: pulsing the germanium precursor; purging an excess of the germanium precursor; pulsing the nitrogen precursor; and purging an excess of the nitrogen precursor.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the germanium precursor comprises at least one of: tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above.
 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the nitrogen precursor comprises at least one of: hydrazine (N₂H₄), dimethyl hydrazine, tertbutyl hydrazine, ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen plasma, nitrogen radicals, or variants of above.
 29. The method of claim 18, wherein the germanium oxynitride film is used for a VNAND application or as a sacrificial layer for patterning.
 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the performing the nitride cycle is performed before the performing the oxide cycle.
 31. A method of forming a germanium oxynitride film layer for a V-NAND stack comprising: providing a substrate for processing in a reaction chamber; performing an oxide cycle for deposing an oxide onto the substrate, the performing the oxide cycle comprising: pulsing a germanium precursor; and pulsing an oxygen precursor; and before or after the performing the oxide cycle, performing a nitride cycle for deposing a nitride onto the substrate, the performing the nitride cycle comprising: pulsing a germanium precursor; and pulsing a nitrogen precursor; wherein the performing the oxide cycle and the performing the nitride cycle are repeated as desired in order to form the germanium oxynitride film of a desired thickness and stoichiometry, and wherein the oxygen precursor and the nitrogen precursor are different.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the germanium precursor comprises at least one of: tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the oxygen precursor comprises at least one of: water (H₂O), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃), oxygen plasma, oxygen radicals, or variants of above.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the germanium precursor comprises at least one of: tetrakis(dimethylamino)germanium (TDMAGe), tetrakis (diethylamino)germanium (TDEAGe), tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)germanium (TEMAGe), germanium ethoxide (Ge(OEt)₄), germanium methoxide (Ge(OMe)₄), tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)germane, germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄), or variants of above.
 35. The method of claim 31, wherein the nitrogen precursor comprises at least one of: hydrazine (N₂H₄), dimethyl hydrazine, tertbutyl hydrazine, ammonia (NH₃), nitrogen plasma, nitrogen radicals, or variants of above.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein the performing the nitride cycle is performed before the performing the oxide cycle.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein the performing the nitride cycle is performed after the performing the oxide cycle. 